Frequently Asked Questions.

Emissions reductions are calculated using approved methodologies — TPDDTEC v4.0 for clean cookstoves and ERSDWS v1.0 for safe water — and independently verified by accredited third-party auditors. Monitoring data is collected continuously through field operations and, on a randomly selected sample, through independent third-party sensor monitoring.

TPDDTEC v4.0 explainer →   Safe water carbon logic →

Beyond greenhouse gas reductions, our projects improve access to clean drinking water, reduce indoor air pollution, lower the incidence of waterborne disease, protect ecosystems from deforestation, and support local livelihoods. Each project tracks measurable co-benefits across health, time-use, gender equality, and economic outcomes.

Our Impact →

We track impact using standardised indicators aligned with the Gold Standard for Global Goals SDG Impact framework. Indicators are gender-disaggregated where relevant, monitored continuously through field operations, and externally verified during the credit verification cycle.

Gender-responsive credits explained →

More than 500,000 people across low-income, climate-vulnerable communities in Madagascar have benefited from SaniTap's projects to date. The figure grows as projects scale.

Our Impact →

Our projects principally contribute to six SDGs by integrating climate mitigation and adaptation with health and development outcomes: SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land).

All projects follow the safeguards required by the Gold Standard for Global Goals and other recognised international standards: risk assessments, stakeholder consultation at multiple levels, gender safeguarding principles, ongoing grievance mechanisms, and do-no-harm provisions.

Stakeholder Consultations →

Madagascar has over 10,000 rural water points already in the ground. Roughly 40% are completely non-functional and another 45% are significantly damaged. Aid agencies built most of them, then left with no maintenance funding, and the systems failed for want of a spare part or a technician. Restoring one of these costs a fraction of drilling a new borehole, arrives at the community in weeks rather than months, and reuses the community's existing tenure and relationship with the water point. A new drill also carries hydrological risk that a proven site does not. Restoration is the highest-impact-per-dollar move in Malagasy rural water today. SaniTap does drill new boreholes where restoration is not possible or where population growth has outstripped the original design, but the first question on every eligible site is always whether the existing infrastructure can be brought back into service.

Safe Water Projects →   How safe water displaces carbon →

SaniTap does deploy piped systems where they fit. Endur'O, our joint venture with the Ministry of Water, operates 138 piped water systems with solar-powered boreholes, on-site chlorination, and NFC smart-tap metering. The pilot is in Moramanga and Alaotra-Mangoro, with a Ministry-approved pipeline of around 250 public water kiosks planned for Antananarivo. Piped water is the right answer where population density, revenue capacity and land tenure make it economically sustainable. In much of rural Madagascar, fokontany of a few hundred people are dispersed across landscapes where the capital cost per beneficiary of a piped network is out of reach and the ongoing revenue base cannot fund maintenance. A well-maintained community hand pump serves those settings at a fraction of the cost per person and, when it is professionally maintained rather than build-and-abandon, delivers the same safe-water outcome. The choice is not piped versus pumps in general, it is the appropriate technology for each specific setting. Both are professionally maintained in our programme; the difference is in the delivery model, not in the quality of the water.

The Endur'O piped water model →   Safe Water Projects →

Traditional charcoal production in Madagascar uses earth kilns, pit kilns and covered mound kilns, where wood is stacked, ignited, then partially smothered so it pyrolyses (heats without full combustion) into charcoal. Conversion efficiency by mass is around 8-12%. Most of the wood's mass leaves as smoke, water vapour, tar and carbon dioxide during the kiln burn. Only the fixed-carbon fraction, roughly a tenth of the input, remains as charcoal. That is why using charcoal for cooking is much worse than burning firewood directly on a per-meal deforestation basis. Every kilogramme of charcoal cooked with in a household stove has already consumed around ten kilogrammes of tree wood in the kiln before it reaches the kitchen, and the household stove then burns it at its own efficiency loss on top. Improved industrial kilns (retort, brick or metal designs) can lift the conversion to 20-30%, but almost all Malagasy charcoal is still made in traditional earth kilns. This kiln loss is one of the biggest reasons a clean-cookstove programme in Madagascar produces such a large deforestation benefit per household, and why SaniTap's programme quantifies emissions reductions against a baseline that reflects the full wood-to-charcoal-to-cook energy chain, not just the household stove.

TPDDTEC v4.0 methodology →   Clean Cookstove Projects →

SaniTap deploys a portfolio of clean-cooking solutions, and pellets are already part of it: the pellet-gasifier stoves in our programme burn densified biomass pellets and produce indoor air quality approaching that of a clean fuel. LPG is the cleanest of the common alternatives, but its rollout in rural Madagascar is decades away. LPG needs an import terminal, a nationwide bottling and refill network, cylinder logistics, and household economics that can absorb a per-kilogramme cost roughly three to five times that of biomass. Ethanol has similar supply-chain and cost constraints. Electric cooking (induction) becomes plausible only where the grid is reliable and affordable, which excludes most of the country today. The pragmatic answer for the majority of rural Malagasy households right now is a high-efficiency biomass stove, either an improved natural-draft design or a pellet gasifier, deployed at scale with the durability, monitoring and behavioural support that turn a stove-on-a-shelf into a stove-in-daily-use. As Madagascar's electrification and LPG networks mature, SaniTap's programme is designed to layer in cleaner fuels where they become accessible, rather than betting on a single fuel that today's rural household cannot afford or cannot get.

Two levers, one country →   Clean Cookstove Projects →

SaniTap combines deep local implementation experience in Madagascar with international carbon market expertise. Our projects integrate climate mitigation or adaptation with tangible sustainable development outcomes — safe water access, reduced waterborne disease, reduced indoor air pollution — and stack integrity above the minimum: Gold Standard, gender-responsive certification, ICVCM CCP alignment, and third-party sensor monitoring on a randomised sample.

Our Impact →

SaniTap currently develops carbon credits from clean cooking and safe drinking water projects under the Gold Standard for Global Goals. We are also developing pilot projects in nature-based carbon removal — biochar, riparian bamboo, and afforestation, reforestation and revegetation (ARR) — and in cyclone-resistant infrastructure under the Adaptation Benefits Mechanism.

Carbon Projects →

Yes. Our projects are developed under the Gold Standard for Global Goals — one of the world's leading carbon standards — with the optional higher-level gender-responsive certification. Credits are also aligned with the ICVCM Core Carbon Principles, and the projects are progressing toward CORSIA eligibility.

CORSIA position →   ICVCM CCP explainer →

Gold Standard is one of the world's leading carbon standards, known for rigorous requirements on environmental integrity, additionality, conservative quantification, and sustainable development. Credits issued under the Gold Standard for Global Goals are widely accepted by corporate buyers and are approved by ICAO for CORSIA programme-level eligibility.

SaniTap reports co-benefits against the UN Sustainable Development Goals framework, aligned with the Gold Standard SDG Impact Tool and the Gold Standard's Impact Reporting requirements. Each project delivers measurable outcomes across a defined set of SDGs (currently SDG 1 No Poverty, SDG 3 Good Health, SDG 5 Gender Equality, SDG 6 Clean Water, SDG 7 Affordable Energy, SDG 8 Decent Work, SDG 13 Climate Action, SDG 15 Life on Land — depending on project). Every claimed SDG outcome is quantified against a specific indicator, monitored on the same cycle as the carbon outcome, and independently verified by the same accredited VVB that validates the carbon credit. In addition, gender-disaggregated outcomes are reported under Gold Standard's higher-level Gender-Responsive Certification, which applies to all SaniTap clean-cooking and safe-water credits. Buyers seeking a specific ESG framework alignment (GRI, TCFD, ISSB, CDP) can request a mapping from our commercial team.

Our Impact →   Gender-responsive, not gender-sensitive →

Decertification of a Gold Standard project is rare but possible if a project fails to meet its ongoing monitoring, verification or governance requirements. Where a decertification occurs, credits already retired against past emissions are unaffected. Credits issued but not yet retired may be withdrawn from the registry; buyers holding these are typically compensated by the developer or replaced with equivalent credits from another project. For CORSIA compliance, buyers should ensure that any offtake agreement includes an explicit warranty covering credit replacement in the event of retrospective decertification, and a right of substitution from the developer's other issued vintages. SaniTap's Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreements include such replacement warranties as standard. The Gold Standard also maintains a buffer pool as a system-wide backstop against reversal risk in AFOLU and other nature-based projects.

ICVCM CCP explainer →

The public criticism of the voluntary carbon market over the past three years has been substantive and mostly warranted. It has focused on three things: over-crediting of some avoided-deforestation methodologies (particularly older REDD+ programmes), weak additionality on projects that would have happened anyway, and a lack of independent integrity oversight. SaniTap's response is design-level, not defensive. We work only under methodologies that have been reviewed and confirmed as ICVCM-CCP-aligned (Gold Standard TPDDTEC v4.0, Gold Standard ERSDWS v1.0, Verra VM0047 for RiverGuard). We use the most conservative parameters in each: our clean-cooking fNRB is monitored at 54% for Madagascar's east coast (Cabinet MANO 2025), our safe-water suppressed-demand baseline sits at the WHO minimum not above, our RiverGuard site-quality multiplier excludes marginal sites entirely. We commission third-party continuous sensor monitoring on a randomised sample of households, so the audit trail is not built on self-report. And we publish the underlying evidence base openly in a substantial Knowledge Hub, so a critical reader can inspect the accounting rather than take our word for it. The criticism of the market improved the market. Our credits are designed to survive the higher bar it produced.

ICVCM Core Carbon Principles →   Suppressed demand explained →

The best corporate climate strategy reduces emissions first and offsets residual emissions second. That order is set by the ISO Net Zero standard, the Science Based Targets initiative's mitigation hierarchy, and the ICVCM's Claims Code of Practice. High-integrity carbon credits do not substitute for internal decarbonisation. They complement it, in two specific circumstances that most corporate climate strategies now recognise: (1) accelerating action beyond what internal reductions can achieve on the near-term timeline, and (2) addressing hard-to-abate residual emissions that no economically feasible internal reduction can eliminate today. SaniTap's credits are positioned as beyond-value-chain mitigation in a well-designed net-zero strategy — not as a substitute for cutting your own emissions. If you are still evaluating whether to buy any offsets at all, that is a strategic decision our commercial team is happy to talk you through candidly. We would rather you not buy from us than buy for the wrong reason.

Buy Credits →

Our projects meet strict additionality criteria — the emissions reductions would not occur without carbon finance, particularly the long-term maintenance funding that traditional aid programmes do not provide. Permanence is structural rather than buffered: a litre of water not boiled is not boiled, and a unit of biomass not burned is not burned.

Our Impact →

We work closely with corporates, financial institutions, brokers, NGOs, philanthropic foundations, and public-sector partners. Our clients include organisations looking to purchase carbon credits, develop new carbon projects, or design innovative climate finance solutions. CORSIA-obligated airlines and corporate ESG procurement teams are a core audience.

Buy Credits →   Contact →

Yes. SaniTap provides end-to-end carbon project development support through our Carbon-as-a-Service consulting practice — feasibility studies, methodology selection, project design, MRV system implementation, certification support, and climate financing structuring.

Carbon-as-a-Service →

Organisations can purchase credits directly by contacting SaniTap's commercial team. We support spot purchases, multi-year offtake agreements, and tailored arrangements based on your climate strategy and CORSIA-pathway timing.

Buy Credits →

Integrity of a carbon credit rests on a chain of independent, verifiable checks. SaniTap's programme is built to survive scrutiny at every link of that chain, and the evidence is public. (1) Approved methodology: our cookstove credits use Gold Standard TPDDTEC v4.0 and our safe-water credits use Gold Standard ERSDWS v1.0, both peer-reviewed international methodologies. (2) Programme certification: SaniTap's projects are registered under the Gold Standard for Global Goals (Programme of Activities GS12600, VPA GS12601 for safe water and VPA GS12851 for improved cooking) with the optional higher-level gender-responsive certification. Every project's design document, monitoring report and verification statement is public on the Gold Standard registry. (3) Independent third-party verification: an accredited Validation and Verification Body (VVB) audits every monitoring cycle, and credits are only issued after the VVB signs off. Our Monitoring Report MP1 (2025) has been through this process for the clean-cooking cohort of 90,241 households. (4) ICVCM CCP alignment: Gold Standard's TPDDTEC and ERSDWS methodologies have both been reviewed and confirmed as CCP-aligned by the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market, the independent integrity governance body for the voluntary carbon market. (5) Conservative parameters: the fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB) used in our credit calculation is monitored at 54% for Madagascar's east coast (Cabinet MANO 2025 monitored evidence), meaning only 54% of the biomass avoided is counted; the other 46% is treated as it would have regrown and produces no credit. (6) Third-party sensor monitoring: SaniTap has partnered with Climate-Solutions Consulting to install indoor-air-pollution sensors on a randomised sample of households, producing continuous digital evidence of actual usage rather than periodic self-report. (7) CORSIA pathway: the projects are on the path to CORSIA eligibility, which requires additional integrity screening beyond standard Gold Standard certification. (8) Host-country authorisation: the Government of Madagascar has issued the required Letter of Approbation, and Article 6 corresponding adjustments are being progressed. For a buyer's own file, every one of these is a document you can request, cite in due diligence, or verify directly with the issuing body.

ICVCM CCP explainer →   TPDDTEC v4.0 methodology →   How safe water displaces carbon →   Suppressed demand explained →

Yes. Our credits are designed for use within corporate climate, net-zero, and ESG strategies — particularly as part of high-quality, beyond-value-chain mitigation. They are well suited to organisations that need credits to survive ESG audit and external assurance.

Contact us →

Buyers receive full documentation: verification reports, project description documents, monitoring reports, serial numbers from the Gold Standard registry, and supporting evidence on co-benefits and SDG impact. Sample documentation is available on request.

Pricing depends on project type, volume, contract structure, and delivery timeline. Our pricing reflects both market conditions and the true cost of high-integrity impact — including the gender-responsive certification, third-party sensor monitoring, and CORSIA pathway investment that distinguishes our credits.

Talk to commercial →

Partners can engage through long-term carbon offtake agreements, co-developing carbon projects, or supporting our climate mitigation and adaptation innovation pilots. We welcome strategic collaborations aligned with our mission and the CORSIA-eligibility pathway.

Contact us →

Yes. We work with buyers to structure forward agreements and long-term offtake contracts, supporting project scalability while helping organisations plan their future carbon needs around Phase 1 and Phase 2 of CORSIA.

Buy Credits →   CORSIA position →

The engagement follows five straightforward steps. First, contact the SaniTap commercial team with a short brief covering your obligated volume, the CORSIA phase you are buying against (Phase 1 2024-2026, Phase 2 2027-2035, or both), your vintage requirements and any internal integrity criteria you apply beyond the CORSIA baseline (for example ICVCM CCP alignment, gender-responsive certification, geographic preference). Second, we share a project brief covering SaniTap's Gold Standard programme (PoA GS12600, VPAs GS12601 for water and GS12851 for cooking), current CORSIA-eligibility status, current and forecast issuance volumes by vintage, and the co-benefit story specific to your ESG framework. Third, we agree indicative terms: annual volume, delivery schedule, price and price-adjustment mechanism, quality guarantees, and CORSIA-eligibility warranties. Fourth, we execute an Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) covering the full offtake period, typically three to seven years, with named vintage delivery dates and the CORSIA-eligibility conditions precedent. Fifth, on each delivery date, credits are transferred to your Gold Standard registry account and, for CORSIA-eligible vintages, marked with the required corresponding adjustment. Airlines with Phase 1 pilot commitments or Phase 2 preparatory buying typically move from first contact to signed ERPA in six to twelve weeks. SaniTap can also support the internal legal and procurement due-diligence process with methodology documentation, verification statements, Article 6 authorisation letters and the CORSIA integrity paper trail.

Buy Credits →   CORSIA position →   Contact us →

Climate mitigation is the umbrella term for anything that reduces greenhouse-gas emissions or removes greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere. It splits into two broad families. Technology-based mitigation replaces or captures emissions with engineered systems: renewable energy, energy efficiency, fuel switching, industrial-gas destruction (methane at landfills, HFC destruction), direct air capture. Nature-based solutions (NbS) use natural ecosystems to sequester carbon or avoid emissions, and typically deliver biodiversity, water and community co-benefits alongside the carbon outcome: forest protection, afforestation and reforestation, mangrove restoration, riparian bamboo, biochar, regenerative agriculture, soil carbon. Carbon credits can be generated by either family, provided the intervention meets an approved methodology and is independently verified. SaniTap's portfolio spans both: our clean-cooking and safe-water credits are avoided-emissions credits from reduced biomass combustion (mitigation of daily household fuel use); our Project RiverGuard riparian-bamboo programme is a nature-based removal (bamboo sequesters CO₂ as it grows and stabilises riverbanks); our biochar feasibility work is a nature-based durable removal (biochar locks carbon in soil for centuries while improving soil fertility). The trade-off between the two families is real: technology-based credits generally have stronger permanence, nature-based credits generally have lower cost per tonne and richer co-benefits. High-integrity climate strategies typically hold both.

Climate Mitigation projects →   Two levers, one country →

Ecosystem-based adaptation is the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people adapt to climate change. Instead of building a concrete sea wall to reduce coastal flooding, EbA restores the mangroves that used to absorb the wave energy. Instead of engineering a river channel to reduce bank collapse, EbA restores the riparian vegetation that used to stabilise it. The definition is set by the Convention on Biological Diversity: adaptation actions that harness biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people cope with climate change impacts. Engineered adaptation and EbA are not opposites — the leading adaptation frameworks (UN Environment Programme, IUCN, IPCC AR6 chapter on ecosystem-based approaches) treat them as complementary. Engineered infrastructure is often faster to deliver and more predictable in performance; EbA is typically lower cost per beneficiary, delivers biodiversity and livelihood co-benefits alongside the adaptation outcome, and grows in effectiveness over time as the ecosystem matures. Well-designed programmes stack both: SaniTap's Cyclone-Resistant Safe Drinking Water programme installs engineered hardened water infrastructure, while Project RiverGuard restores the riparian bamboo buffer that reduces the flood pulse those systems have to survive.

Riverbanks, soil and carbon — the ecosystem science →   Project RiverGuard →

Riparian bamboo restoration meets every element of the EbA definition. It is biodiversity-based: SaniTap's programme uses non-invasive clumping bamboo species (Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa tulda, Bambusa multiplex) selected specifically for their ecological compatibility with Malagasy riverine settings and their zero-spread risk to native vegetation. It delivers ecosystem services: sediment retention, bank stabilisation, water-table recharge, flood-pulse moderation, wildlife corridor. It reduces climate vulnerability: the communities that depend on the affected riverbanks lose less farmland to cyclone-driven bank collapse, keep their groundwater supply through longer dry seasons, and receive sediment-cleaner water at their household abstraction points. And it grows in effectiveness over time: a mature bamboo stand at year seven onwards delivers substantially greater bank stabilisation and biomass yield than a same-species stand at year three. This trajectory means a well-designed EbA programme increases in adaptation value across the crediting or funding period, rather than decaying as engineered infrastructure would.

Project RiverGuard →   Riverbanks, soil and carbon — the ecosystem science →

The evidence base for riparian buffer effectiveness is one of the more mature in the ecosystem-services literature. Peer-reviewed reviews consistently document sediment-delivery reductions of 50-80% for well-designed vegetated buffers across temperate and tropical settings (Correll 1997, Aguiar et al. 2015, and the wider Buffer Zones synthesis literature). Sediment reduction translates directly into downstream climate-risk reduction on three tracks: lower waterborne-disease burden from cleaner drinking water at abstraction points, protected downstream irrigation infrastructure from siltation, and preserved coastal fishery productivity from reduced sediment plumes reaching estuaries and reefs. SaniTap's own contribution to that evidence base is a 15-year Bambusa balcooa plantation near Fort Dauphin (18.13 ha of measured canopy) with satellite-tracked growth curves since planting. The RiverGuard siting platform uses that measured growth curve as an absolute field benchmark, and the 2026 three-river pilot has verified the platform's site-suitability predictions against on-the-ground planting outcomes on all three test sites.

Riverbanks, soil and carbon — the ecosystem science →   Live siting platform →

Every RiverGuard site delivers five co-benefits alongside the direct adaptation and carbon outcomes. First, community income: planting is paid work, organised through village assemblies with documented consent, with women-led micro-nurseries operating under paid contracts. Second, harvestable biomass: from year seven onwards, selective harvest of mature culms supplies construction poles, fencing, and briquette feedstock for clean cooking, giving each site a productive local market that funds its own long-term maintenance. Third, avoided upland deforestation: households with a viable riparian bamboo supply no longer need to walk to the ridge forest for construction and cooking-fuel biomass, relieving the pressure that drives the erosion cycle in the first place. Fourth, biodiversity corridor: continuous riparian vegetation reconnects fragmented terrestrial habitat and provides refugia for aquatic and riparian species. Fifth, water-table restoration: the buffer's re-infiltration function stabilises groundwater recharge and dry-season baseflow, benefiting every downstream community that depends on shallow wells, hand pumps or small springs. No engineered adaptation intervention delivers all five outcomes at once.

Community-led, women-powered delivery →   The SaniTap-MadAvance model →

Yes, provided the two outcomes are quantified and credited under separate instruments so there is no double-counting. Carbon credits are generated against the removal or avoided-emissions outcome of the intervention (for riparian bamboo, that is the aboveground biomass sequestration and the avoided upland deforestation from displaced fuelwood cutting, quantified under the Verra VM0047 ARR methodology). Adaptation benefits are quantified under separate non-market instruments (the Adaptation Benefits Mechanism, the Article 6.8 framework, or the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage), which certify verified adaptation outcomes without generating tradeable credits. The two revenue streams are complementary: carbon revenue funds the physical restoration work and its long-term stewardship, while adaptation-benefit finance funds the community capacity, maintenance discipline and monitoring infrastructure that keeps the ecosystem intervention delivering its adaptation outcome across the full crediting period. Project RiverGuard is designed for this dual-stream architecture.

Article 6.8 and non-market finance →   Project RiverGuard →

The Adaptation Benefits Mechanism is a non-market instrument developed by the African Development Bank. Unlike carbon markets, which pay for tonnes of CO₂ avoided or removed, the ABM certifies verified adaptation outcomes: how much has resilience actually been strengthened, disaster risk actually been reduced, community capacity actually been built. The unit is not a tonne; it is a certified Adaptation Benefit. The methodology SaniTap has been co-developing with the ABM Meth Panel is specifically for tropical-storm-resistant safe drinking water. It quantifies adaptation benefits from installing water infrastructure designed to survive a Category-3 tropical cyclone (elevated storage, sealed borehole covers, tie-downs, cyclone-rated materials) and to keep delivering safe water through and after a storm. The metrics include sustained safe-water access during the post-cyclone window when waterborne disease risk peaks, avoided displacement of populations who would otherwise lose their water source, avoided disease burden, and the community capacity built to maintain the system across future storm seasons. The methodology was approved by the ABM Executive on 29 November 2025. SaniTap's Cyclone-Resistant Safe Drinking Water (CRSDW) programme is the first live application, targeting the eleven Malagasy districts damaged by Cyclones Fytia and Gezani in 2026 and, in the wider ranking, the 2,000 km of cyclone-exposed coast that the IPCC and Madagascar's own National Adaptation Plan project will keep being struck through the rest of this century.

Loss & Damage Restoration →   Article 6.8, ABM and non-market finance →

No, they are distinct in the UN framework. The COP agreements recognise three parallel climate response tracks: mitigation (reducing emissions), adaptation (reducing exposure and vulnerability to future climate impacts), and Loss & Damage (responding to harm that has already occurred or that is unavoidable even with adaptation). The distinction was formalised at COP19 (Warsaw International Mechanism, 2013) and consolidated at COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022) with the establishment of the Loss & Damage Fund, formally launched as the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD) at COP28 (Dubai, 2023). Adaptation is forward-looking: it funds infrastructure, behaviours and systems that reduce the harm a future climate impact will cause. Loss & Damage is response-oriented: it funds the recovery from harm that has already been done, or the residual harm that cannot be avoided even with adaptation. On a Malagasy cyclone-damaged water system, the two tracks look like this. Rebuilding a hand pump destroyed by Cyclone Fytia is Loss & Damage: the harm has already happened, the finance responds to it. Installing a cyclone-resistant hand pump in a coastal community that has not yet been hit but sits in the path of the projected storm intensification is adaptation: the finance reduces the future harm. The two work together in a single programme (SaniTap's Cyclone-Resistant Safe Drinking Water Programme does both), but they draw on different international finance channels: adaptation from the Adaptation Fund, the Green Climate Fund and the ABM; Loss & Damage from the FRLD.

Loss & Damage Restoration →   Post-cyclone rehabilitation vs pre-cyclone hardening →

SaniTap is an impact business specialising in the development of scalable climate mitigation and adaptation projects, including high-quality carbon credit projects. We design, implement, and manage climate projects that reduce carbon emissions while delivering safe drinking water, clean cooking solutions, and long-term health and environmental benefits for low-income communities in Madagascar.

Carbon Projects →

SaniTap operates as a mission-driven impact business. We generate revenue through the sale of verified carbon credits, which enables us to scale impact sustainably while reinvesting in high-integrity climate and community projects. Our implementing partner MadAvance — supported and funded by SaniTap in 2023 — is a Malagasy NGO with its own Board of Directors of capable Malagasy professionals.

About SaniTap →

Our core operations are in Madagascar, where we work with local partners and communities to implement carbon projects. SaniTap Ltd is headquartered in the UK. We collaborate internationally with corporate buyers, investors, and partners seeking high-integrity carbon credits.

Carbon Projects →

Our team combines decades of on-the-ground implementation experience with carbon methodology expertise, project structuring, climate finance, MRV system design, and stakeholder engagement. Co-founders Andrew Tanswell and Adriaan Mol have over 60 years of combined experience building impact ventures across Africa.

Meet the team →

We co-design projects with local partners and communities through our partner organisation MadAvance — a Malagasy NGO with more than 80 local staff and its own Board of Directors. Stakeholder engagement runs at community, regional, and national levels, with ongoing feedback and grievance mechanisms maintained throughout the project lifetime.

Stakeholder Consultations →

SaniTap does not deliver projects from a foreign office. Every project on the ground in Madagascar is delivered by a named local partner, each with a defined role, and SaniTap sits in the middle as the international carbon-and-adaptation-finance interface. MadAvance is a Malagasy NGO co-founded and funded by SaniTap in 2023, employing over 80 local staff across field operations, project management, community engagement, monitoring and maintenance. It is the delivery arm on the clean-cookstove distribution, the community hand-pump rehabilitation, the Kitchen Performance Tests, and the ongoing preventive maintenance that keeps water systems working. Structurally MadAvance is an independent Malagasy organisation with its own Board and its own legal identity; it is not a SaniTap subsidiary. Endur'O is a joint venture between SaniTap and the Malagasy Ministry of Water, delivering the piped-water strand: 138 solar-powered NATURANO Smartap kiosks currently in operation across Moramanga and Alaotra-Mangoro, with a Ministry-approved pipeline of around 250 public water kiosks planned for Antananarivo. Endur'O employs its own team of 34 direct staff plus a growing network of shopkeeper agents handling NFC smart-tap top-ups. Alongside these two anchor partners, SaniTap works with Domaine de la Cascade on bamboo propagation for Project RiverGuard, Cabinet MANO on the GIS, biomass monitoring and the fNRB parameter that underpins the carbon methodology, Face the Future on riparian silviculture, HoverAid on Mangoky-basin field access, Rio Tinto (QMM) on the health, safety and MERV framework in Anosy, and the Malagasy Ministries of Water and Environment on host-country authorisations and Article 6 arrangements. The model is deliberate: the technical and operational capacity for climate-programme delivery is built in Madagascar, salaried in Madagascar and remains in Madagascar, and the international carbon-and-adaptation revenue funds that build-out over fifteen-plus years rather than paying for a one-off intervention.

The SaniTap-MadAvance model →   About us →

Long-term sustainability is built into project design: local capacity building through MadAvance, water-guardian training and incentives, ongoing maintenance funded by sustained carbon revenue, and embedded governance mechanisms. The 10+ year credit issuance horizon supports the patient capital required for durable outcomes.

SaniTap–MadAvance model →